INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Intellectual disability (ID) is a developmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. This can impact everyday functioning in areas like communication, self-care, social skills, and academic performance.

Key Characteristics

  1. Intellectual Functioning:

    • Typically measured by IQ tests, with a score of about 70 or below indicating a limitation.
    • Intellectual functioning includes reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, and learning from experience.
  2. Adaptive Behavior:

    • Refers to everyday skills necessary for self-sufficiency, including:
      • Conceptual Skills: Academic skills, self-direction, and understanding safety.
      • Social Skills: Interpersonal abilities and communication.
      • Practical Skills: Personal care, job skills, and daily living tasks.

Causes

Intellectual disability can result from various factors, including:

  1. Genetic Conditions: Such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities.
  2. Prenatal Factors: Issues like exposure to toxins, infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella), or malnutrition.
  3. Perinatal Factors: Complications during childbirth, such as oxygen deprivation.
  4. Postnatal Factors: Environmental factors like traumatic brain injury, severe malnutrition, or exposure to lead.

Diagnosis

  • Diagnosed through comprehensive assessments, including standardized IQ tests and evaluations of adaptive behavior.
  • A multidisciplinary team approach is often used, involving psychologists, pediatricians, and educators.

Intervention Strategies

  1. Early Intervention:

    • Programs focused on enhancing development in young children, including speech, occupational, and physical therapy.
  2. Educational Support:

    • Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) to tailor learning experiences and accommodate needs in school settings.
    • Use of specialized teaching strategies and assistive technologies.
  3. Life Skills Training:

    • Programs designed to teach practical skills for daily living, self-care, and social interaction.
  4. Support Services:

    • Family support services, counseling, and community resources to assist individuals and their families.
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